Neonatology

Adolescent Medicine and Transition of Care

Adolescent medicine is a specialized area within pediatrics that focuses on the unique medical, psychological, and social needs of individuals between the ages of ten and nineteen. This developmental stage is marked by rapid physical growth, hormonal changes, emotional maturation, and the formation of personal identity. Adolescents face a range of health issues including puberty-related concerns, menstrual disorders, acne, mental health challenges, eating disorders, substance use, sexual and reproductive health issues, and risk-taking behaviors. A patient-centered, confidential, and nonjudgmental approach is essential in building trust and ensuring effective communication. Screening for mental health conditions, substance use, and risk behaviors should be incorporated into routine adolescent healthcare visits, along with education on healthy lifestyle choices, nutrition, exercise, and sleep hygiene. Vaccinations such as the human papillomavirus vaccine, meningococcal vaccine, and booster doses of tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis are particularly important during adolescence. A major aspect of adolescent medicine involves preparing young people with chronic medical conditions for the transition from pediatric to adult healthcare systems. This transition requires careful planning, assessment of readiness, education on self-management skills, and coordination between pediatric and adult care teams. Common challenges include gaps in care, loss of insurance coverage, and lack of adult providers with experience in managing complex childhood-onset conditions. Adolescent medicine providers must advocate for comprehensive and accessible services, including mental health support, reproductive care, and substance use counseling. Culturally sensitive and gender-inclusive care models help address disparities and promote health equity. Advances in digital health, telemedicine, and peer-support programs are enhancing the reach and effectiveness of adolescent healthcare services. By supporting adolescents during this critical phase of life and empowering them to take responsibility for their health, pediatricians contribute to the foundation of lifelong wellness and well-informed healthcare behaviors.