Neonatal Respiratory Disorders

Neonatal respiratory disorders are among the most frequent and serious conditions affecting newborns, particularly those born prematurely or with low birth weight. These disorders include respiratory distress syndrome, meconium aspiration syndrome, transient tachypnea of the newborn, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and neonatal pneumonia. Respiratory distress syndrome, the most common of these, results from a deficiency of surfactant and leads to impaired gas exchange and lung collapse in premature infants. Meconium aspiration syndrome occurs when a newborn inhales meconium-stained amniotic fluid into the lungs, often leading to airway obstruction and inflammation. Management strategies include the use of exogenous surfactant therapy, nasal continuous positive airway pressure, high-flow nasal oxygen therapy, and mechanical ventilation. Diagnosis is guided by physical examination, blood gas analysis, chest radiography, and increasingly, bedside lung ultrasound. Advances in minimally invasive surfactant administration, oxygen targeting strategies, and early caffeine use have contributed significantly to reducing the incidence and severity of chronic respiratory diseases such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Antenatal interventions such as corticosteroid administration and delayed cord clamping further support lung development. Multidisciplinary respiratory care, along with family education and follow-up, is crucial to ensure continued respiratory health beyond the neonatal period. Innovation in non-invasive monitoring tools and precision medicine will likely shape the future of neonatal respiratory care, reducing complications and improving long-term outcomes.

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